http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/136 Thu, 03 Sep 2026 17:46:11 GMT 2026-09-03T17:46:11Z http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9581 Prediction and Estimation of Sediments Discharge for Reservoir Management Abdulkareem, Ibrahim A. Sediment transport in watersheds is associated with a wide variety of environmental and engineering issues which include erosion, loss of topsoil, high sediment loads to reservoirs, chemical transport of nutrients, silts and clays generation, and channel instability among others. The rapid reduction in the storage capacity of reservoirs due to siltation is a major sediment- related problem world-wide, which has lead to the reduction of reservoir storage volume and subsequent shortage of water supply. Irrigation activities further lead to increased sediment discharge and soil erosion. Monitoring data for sediment transport into reservoirs and productivity within reservoirs are therefore required for accurate predictions of sediment transportation to curb water loss, economic resources, and for good reservoir management. The aim of this research was to predict and estimate the sediment discharge inflows into Kangimi Dam Reservoir, Kaduna State, Nigeria with a catchment area of about 262.74 km2. Soil and water samples were collected from representative fields. The soil samples were analyzed for particle distribution using the Bouyoucos Hydrometer method. Soil organic matter (SOM) was determined using wet digestion method of Walkley and Black, while erodibility index was estimated using the Bouyoucos, Middleton, and Pieri methods. The suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) (Cs) were determined from the water sample mixtures using filtering and drying methods in the laboratory. The empirical relation between sediment concentrations as a dependent variable was expressed graphically using logarithmic transformation data with length, drainage area, drainage slope, land use, and herds’ activities as independent variables. The average soil particle size distribution, silt/clay, and sand ranged from 34.46% to 75.13%, and 33.05% to 65.54%, respectively, while the average organic matter (OM) ranged from 2.89% to 4.67%. Soil erodibility indices ranged from 1.63 to 4.08; 0.71 to 1.54 and 0.037 - 0.109, for clay ratio (CR), dispersion ratio (DR), and critical level of organic matter (CLOM), respectively. The modified clay ratio (MCR) ranged from 1.36 to 3.57. The sediment loads in Loko Koro/Ali, Loko Balbela/Bahago and Loko Gora/Dangora of sub-catchments showed downward trend with coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.46, 0.13, and 0.77, respectively, while Kangimi main/Rafin Kurmin Zaria and Jagiwa/Hadashi sub-catchments showed an upward trend with R2 = 0.26 and 0.38, respectively. The slope versus sediment load coefficient of correlation (R) for all the sub-catchments ranged from 0.92 to 0.97. For the drainage area versus sediment loads, the log exponential model was statistically significant at (α = 0.001, p = 0.00). The developed model positively predicted well with effect of cattle herds’ activities with R2 and R values equal to 0.67, and 0.71, respectively, at p=0.000, and in comparison with existing models, the own model result performed better. The study concluded that the model reasonably matched the observed data and moderately predicted within the data without deviation, and recommended the use of the model for the Kangimi Dam reservoir sediment discharge. Thesis Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9581 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9126 Design, Construction and Testing of a Hand Operated Water Pump for Small Scale Farmers Usman, Makhai N. In this study the design, construction and testing of a hand operated water pump was undertaken. The major components of the pump were the pump frame made from angular bar mild steel, the pump chamber made of mild steel, the pump cylinder made of cast iron, the pump crankshaft made of hollow galvanized iron pipe, the connecting rod made of hollow galvanized iron pipe and the pump inlet and outlet made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. The pump was a single- operator- type pump. The pump theoretical discharge was 3.86 L/s while the actual average discharge of the pump was 7.5 × 10-2 L/s at an average sump depth of 1.6 m. The pump volumetric efficiency is 40.8 % and the pump efficiency is 75.84%. The operation of the pump was dependent on the weight of the operator i.e. the heavier the operator the more water he can discharge through. The discharge results obtained for the sump depths of 1.1 m, 1.6 m and 2.1 m were used to plot the graph of discharge over time. Regression analysis shows that there is strong relationship between weight of operators and discharge for the pump; the variance (relationship of pump operation in relation to weight of operator) of the pump was found to be 95.7%. The pump could be suitable to irrigate fragmented and small land holdings, especially to pump water from shallow depth to irrigate small plots, thereby serving the needs of small scale farmers. Performance of the pump can be improved when the driving pulley diameter is increased and the driven pulley diameter is decreased. Because of the piston and cylinder contact, the pump should be lubricated before it is put into operation for smooth movement and optimum performance. The angle of construction of the crankshaft should be changed from 900 to curved 450 for easy alternation of the crankshaft and subsequently facilitating the reciprocation of the pistons. Thesis Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9126 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9125 Gis-Based System Analysis for Waste Bin Location in Enugu Municipality Okechukwu, Chibueze H. Waste collection in Enugu has been a major challenge requiring urgent attention. The aim of the work therefore was to study with GIS the management of the existing bin distribution and collection system in order to determine the optimal frequency for waste collection. The methods adopted include questionnaires, oral interviews and field observations to determine the state of waste collection. Waste collection points both legal and illegal dumpsites were identified using handheld GPS and the points were incorporated into a map using ArcGIS software. A total of 177 dumpsite locations were discovered during the study. Illegal dumpsites were 35 in number and legal dumpsites instituted by ESWAMA were 142. Out of the 142 authorized dumpsites, 55 dumpsites were clean and well managed while 87 sites were dirty and overflowing with waste. Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) Manual (2016) was used in determining the optimum location of bins. This showed that 635 dumpsites were required. Factors considered in recommending the frequency of optimum waste discharge include waste genessration rate, population density, volume of dumpster and socioeconomic factors. Each location requires 1 small waste bins to accommodate daily waste generation. It was therefore recommended that 1 waste bins should be kept at each site and evacuated once a week. Thesis Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9125 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9124 Development and Performance Evaluation of Mixed Mode Passive Solar Stockfish Dryer Udeinya, Bernard C. The development and evaluation of Mixed Mode Passive Solar Stockfish Dryer was conducted. The dryer comprised solar air heater (solar collector) and heat storage materials for sensible heat storage to discharge heat during the intermittent solar radiation period. The collector and the storage medium were insulated using sawdust. The drying chamber is integrated with three racks of wire mesh trays and a suction device to aid the convective air flow to avoid reversible reaction during the discharge of accumulated moisture. The heat storage medium was found to attain a temperature range of 29oC – 53oC with a corresponding ambient temperature range of 24oC – 34oC. The solar dryer was evaluated with fresh cod at initial moisture content of 79%. Three sets of the fresh cod classified as: Moringa treated, salted and unsalted were used for the performance evaluation. The results showed that the initial moisture content of 79% with respect to Moringa treatment, salt treatment, unsalted were reduced to 16.03%, 13.33%, 15.01% respectively under solar dryer while 19.55%, 13.46%, 14.64% respectively under ambient condition in six days. There was slight difference in moisture drop as a result of cloudy and humidity situations at the time of test. Further laboratory test showed that bacteria and fungi counts for Moringatreatment under solar dryer was Bacillus at 1.09 x 105count without fungi development while for open sun drying Coliform and Bacilllus were found at 1.1 x 104 and 5.0 x 103 respectively. For salt treatment under dryer, Staphylococcus and Mould were found at 2.9 x 104 and 1.0 x 103 respectively while Coliform and Staphylococcus were found under open sun drying at 1.2 x 103 and 1.48 x 104 counts. The unsalted cod had under solar dryer, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Mould and Coliform at 9.68 x 105, 5.9 x 104, 1.0 x 103 and 3.0 x 103 counts respectively while for open sun drying, Bacillus and Staphylococcus at 2.35 x 105 and 1.58 x 105 respectively. For health wise the bacteria count range of 103 – 105 was below the consumable limit of103 – 105≤107. The bacteria counts were higher in solar dryer compared to open drying because of the ultraviolet rays were absent in solar dryer due to its low passage through the dryer glazing materials but present in ambient drying. Its direct influence on the stock fish under open drying was bactericidal and therefore had high efficacy in destroying some of the bacteria. Thesis Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.unn.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9124 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z