Evaluation of Drug Combinations in Total Intravenous Anaesthesia in West African Dwarf Goat

Abstract

The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery

The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery

The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery

The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery

The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery

The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery The physiological, biochemical and anaesthetic effects of the drug combinations were studies in West African Dwarf goat. In protocol I, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HR of GP I goats at 10 mins post-induction (PI), which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 30 min PI. The HR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 20 min in GP IV goats, and at 10 min GP II goats, and returned to the pre-anaesthetic value at 40 min PI. However, HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 50 mins PI in GP A and B and between 40-80 min PI in GP D. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10 and 20 mins PI in GPs A and B respectively, till 40 min PI and at 30 mins PI in GP D. These changes normalized at 40 min PI when compared to the pre-anaesthetic values in protocol I. The RR decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 80 mins, 10 - 50 mins, 30 - 80 mins PI in GPs A, B, and D respectively, but significantly increased at 20 min PI in GP C. The RT of the goats dropped significantly (p < 0.05) between 10 - 40 mins PI in GP I and GP II. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RT between 20 - 30 mins and 10 - 30 mins PI in GPs A, and B respectively. The induction was good and smooth in GPs II, IV, B and D, slightly excitment in GPs I, III, A and C. The quality of recovery was fair in GPs I and A, good in GPs II and III, B and C, good and rapid in GP IV and D. Side effects such as salivation, coughing, ataxia, apnoe, snoring and phonation were observed in both protocols. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PCV at 30 min PI in GPs I, III, IV and D. The mean HB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs III, IV and A, and at 1440 min PR in GP II, while the values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GP A. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in RBC was recorded in GP II at 30 min PI, and between 120 -1440 min PR. The mean pre-anaesthetic blood glucose levels (BGL) were 75.00 ± 1.29, 68.50 ± 2.84, 48.50 ± 3.23, and 53.50 ± 4.69 mg/dl for GPs I, II, III and IV, respectively. These values significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 30 mins PI in all the GPs and returned to pre-anaesthetic value at 120 min post-recovery (PR) in GPs I and IV, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 120 -1440 min PR in GP II. The BGL values increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 30 min PI in GPs A, B C and D. It remained consistent at 120 min PR in GPs B, C and D and returned to base line value in all these GPs at1440 min PR. The cortisol level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 30 min PI in GP II but increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 120 min PR in GPs I, II, III and IV compared to pre-anaesthetic values. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortisol level at 30 min PI in GP B only and increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 102 min PR in GPs A, C, and D, and at 1440 min in GP B. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in the smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery. Their effects on haematological values as well as biochemical values were also mild. The xylazine + ketamine + propofol, xylazine + ketamine and xylazine + propofol combinations produced sufficient surgical anaesthetic durations both in single injection and maintenance procedures and may be used successfully in both short and long surgical procedure without an incident of untoward side effects. The ketamine + propofol combination produced greater haemodynamic stability than other combinations but with shortest duration of surgical anaesthesia. Therefore, the use of the drug combinations is promising especially in good quality anesthesia, rapid onset and rapid recovery