14: The Effect of Attacke (Lamda Cyhalothrin)-Contaminated Pterocarpus Mildbreadii (Oha) Leaves Extract on Some Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameters of Wistar Rats

Abstract

The increase in the consumption of soups made with the fresh leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedii (Oha) in many parts of Nigeria, more especially the South Eastern part, and of course in other African countries has made the plant an indispensable vegetable in most homes. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Attacke (Lamda cyhalothrin)-contaminated Pterocarpus mildbreadii leaves extract on some oxidative stress and biochemical parameters of wistar rats. The methanol extract of the leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedii was used for this investigation. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis on the methanol extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, total phenolic, carbohydrate, alkaloid and reducing sugar while glycosides and saponin were not detected. Quantitatively, the methanol extract constituted as follows; alkaloids (2801.39 ± 103.776 mg/100g), flavonoids (3257.50 ± 8.660 mg/100g), tannins (21.28 ± 0.756 mg/100g), steroids (14.77 ± 0.641 mg/100g), terpenoids (498.18 ± 11.308 mg/100g), carbohydrate (2121.74 + 60.247 mg/100g), total phenolics (2510.54 ± 120.872 mg/100g) and reducing sugar (582.03 ± 16.062). The acute toxicity test of the methanol extract of both the uncontaminated and contaminated Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaves showed no death or adverse reaction up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. The results revealed that the effective concentration (EC50) of DPPH and FRAP values were higher in the contaminated extract than the uncontaminated extract. The contaminated leaves extract has the least anti-radical power (ARP) of 0.035 value than the uncontaminated leaves with ARP of 0.054, while the control (ascorbic acid) has the highest ARP value of 0.253. The result of the haematological profile showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the RBC, PCV and Hb level of the contaminated groups when compared to the uncontaminated groups. However, the result of the white blood cell (WBC) count showed that the contaminated groups were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to the uncontaminated groups. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in vitamin C and E levels of the group contaminated with Attacke when compared with the groups that were not contaminated. In this study, the contaminated extract caused a marked elevation in the activities of AST, ALT and ALP which is indicative of hepatocellular damage. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration which is an essential marker of lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the contaminated groups when compared to the uncontaminated groups. Catalase activity of the uncontaminated groups was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower when compared to the uncontaminated groups. The results of the extract on GSH revealed that the contaminated groups were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to uncontaminated groups. The contaminated groups significantly (p < 0.05) increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase when compared to the uncontaminated groups. The results of calcium and phosphorus electrolytes showed that the groups treated with contaminated extract were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to the groups of rats treated with uncontaminated extract. The histology study indicated minor distortion in liver architecture of the contaminated groups when compared to the uncontaminated groups and the normal control. From the results of the parameters tested, it could be affirmed that P. mildbraedii leaves extract possesses high antioxidant power but those contaminated with insecticide especially Lambda cyhalothrin as used in this study could induce oxidative stress which is an underlining tools for many diseases.